RSMeans and Gordian compile regional cost averages. But two parcels in the same city can have wildly different costs due to soil, seismic zone, slope, and flood risk.
Foundation costs: $8-$15/sqft (good soil) vs $25-$50+/sqft (expansive clay). Seismic design: 8-15% structural cost premium. Earthwork: negligible to $30/sqft. Flood zone: $15-$40/sqft premium.
Site-specific features, non-linear interaction effects, P10/P50/P90 confidence intervals, continuous learning.
Cost databases for detailed line-item budgets. ML models for site screening and risk quantification.